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Context World Environment Day 2024 theme: “Land restoration, desertification, and drought resilience”, hosted by Saudi Arabia Land restoration is a key focus of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021-2030) and is essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals Land Degradation Defined as a

Introduction to Capitalism Economic system where private individuals or businesses own and control means of production for profit Characterised by: Free market Competition Pursuit of individual self-interest Promotes: Private property rights Entrepreneurship Wealth accumulation Types of Capitalism Mercantilism Nationalist system combining state interests with business

Quantum computing is an advanced computing technology that uses quantum bits (qubits) instead of classical bits. Unlike traditional computers, which work on binary states (0 or 1), qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously (superposition) and can be entangled, making computations exponentially faster. For UPSC,

The Indian Constitution is a living document and can be amended Article 368 (Part XX) Deals with the provisions for amending the Constitution Defines the process and scope of amendments Procedure for Amendment (Article 368) Introduction of Bill A Constitutional Amendment Bill can be introduced

Why in News Opposition parties have demanded machine-readable electoral rolls from the Election Commission (EC) They argue that searchable formats are essential to detect duplicate or fraudulent voter entries About Electoral Rolls Definition: Official list of citizens eligible to vote in a constituency Authority: Prepared

Context Ahead of the Trump–Putin engagement, India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) reaffirmed strategic ties with the United States. India announced the commencement of the 21st edition of the Indo–US Joint Military Exercise “Yudh Abhyas” in Alaska, USA. About Exercise “Yudh Abhyas” Annual bilateral military

Neutrinos First proposed by Wolfgang Pauli (1930), a Swiss scientist Second most abundant particle in the Universe after photons (light particles) Extremely abundant: more than 100 trillion pass through each person every second Properties of Neutrinos Subatomic particles (different from neutrons) Belong to the lepton

Ecological Niche Refers to the interrelationship of a species with all the biotic and abiotic factors affecting it Explains how an organism or population responds to: Availability of resources Presence of competitors Pressure from predators, parasites, and pathogens Explains how the organism in turn alters

Meaning FRP is the price declared by the government that sugar mills are legally required to pay farmers for sugarcane procured. Mills can sign agreements with farmers to pay the FRP in installments. Payment Rules Mills must pay within 14 days of delivery of cane

Why it Forms Formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks, such as gypsum, dolomite, and limestone Characterised by caves, sinkholes, and subterranean drainage Thrives in carbonate rocks that are: Highly fractured Dense Thinly bedded Chalk is poorly developed because of high porosity (water not concentrated